Aquaculture Wastewater Contamination - five Contaminants That Pose Maximal Danger

Exactly where ponds are utilized for Aquaculture, wastewater contamination in such ponds poses Threat to human well being. This post requires a close appear at five principal contaminants.

A quantity of human excreted helminthic fecal pathogens, when released to Aquaculture wastewater contaminated ponds can involve pathogen contamination of the fish or aquatic plants and their use as intermediate hosts. Strauss (1985) has listed the following trematode infections as getting capable of transmission in this way:

1. Clonorchis
two. Heterophys
three. Opistorchis
four. Metagonimus
five. Diphyllobothrium

Nevertheless, he indicated that only clonorchiasis (liver fluke) and the closely associated pistorchiasis have been transmitted via fish, grown in excreta-fertilized ponds or anytime there is Aquaculture wastewater contamination. The initial phase of improvement of these pathogens happens in distinct snails or copepods (minute crustaceans), with fish acting as a second intermediate host.

These helminthic infections triggered as a outcome of feces contamination, have important public overall health value in Asia, Exactly where fish are often eaten raw. Strauss also pointed out that the helminthic pathogens fasciola (sheep and cattle liver flukes) and fasciolopsis (giant intestinal fluke) have the very same pattern of life cycle, but rely on aquatic plants, such as water chestnut, water cress and water bamboo, as secondary intermediate hosts, onto which cost-free-swimming cercariae turn into attached and Exactly where they encyst.

Aquatic snails also serve as intermediate hosts for the trematode-genus schistosoma that is the causative agent of schistosomiasis (bilharzia). Aquaculture wastewater pathogen transmission can take place when workers wade into Aquaculture ponds in which infected snails are present and the larval schistosome penetrates the skin. This occupational hazard exists only Exactly where this illness is endemic and Exactly where snail hosts are present in Aquaculture ponds. Schistosome infection, specifically schistosoma japonicum, has been identified in excreta fertilized fish ponds.

Fish grown in excreta-fertilized Aquaculture wastewater ponds may possibly also turn out to be contaminated with bacteria and viruses and serve as a prospective supply of transmission of pathogens if they are eaten raw or undercooked. Pathogenic bacteria and viruses might be passively carried on the scales of fish or in their gills, intraperitoneal fluid and digestive tract or muscle. Strauss (1985) reviewed the restricted literature on excreta bacteria and virus survival in fish and concluded that:

- Invasion of fish muscle by bacteria is probably to happen if the concentrations of fecal coliforms and salmonellae in the pond are higher than ten and ten per one hundred ml, respectively;

- The possible for muscle invasion increases with the duration of exposure of the fish to Aquaculture wastewater contaminated pond water;

- Tiny accumulation of enteric microorganisms and pathogens or their penetration into, edible fish tissue happens when the fecal coliform concentration in the Aquaculture wastewater contaminated pond water is under ten per one hundred ml;

- Even at reduce-pond-water-contamination levels, high pathogen concentrations may be present in the digestive tract and the intraperitoneal fluid of the fish;

- Pathogen invasion of the spleen, kidney and liver has been observed.